![]() ![]() ![]() Findings included: 1) Optimal conditions for L2 learners immersed in a majority-L2 society include strong home literacy practices, opportunities to use the L2 informally, well-implemented specially-designed L2 educational programs, and sufficient time devoted to L2 literacy instruction, whereas L2 learners with little L2 exposure require explicit instruction to master grammar 2) L2 learners with strong L2 aptitude, motivation, and first language (L1) skills are more successful 3) Effective L2 teachers demonstrate sufficient L2 proficiency, strong instructional skills, and proficiency in their students' L1 4) L2 learners require 3-7 years to reach L2 proficiency, with younger learners typically taking longer but more likely to achieve close-to-native results. Seventy-one peer-reviewed journal articles studying PK-12 L2 learners met inclusion criteria. This review synthesized research regarding optimal conditions for L2 acquisition, facilitative L2 learner and teacher characteristics, and speed of L2 acquisition, from four bodies of work-foreign language education, child language research, sociocultural studies, and psycholinguistics-often overlooked by educators. Educational policies that impact second language (L2) learners-a rapidlygrowing group-are often enacted without consulting relevant research.
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